Extensor tendons are divided into six different compartments discussed below. The Extensor retinaculum will prevent tendon bowstringing at the wrist Sagittal bands will aid in metacarpophalangeal(MCP) joint extension, and attach to the volar plate Central slip will insert on the base of the middle phalanx and aid in proximal interphalangeal joint extension Interossei and lumbricals […]
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Development of the proximal femur begins after 6 weeks of fertilization however the primitive limb bud form after 3 weeks of fertilization. To summarize: 3 weeks after fertilization Primitive limb bud form Filled with mesenchymal At 6 weeks, mesenchyme condensed to outline ilium, ischium, pubis, and femoral shaft (Interzone develops between femoral head and acetabulum) […]
Read MoreOttawa ankle rules are used to sort the ankle injuries to do or not do the X-rays in the patient in OPD. To decide the need for an X-ray in ankle injury Pain around the malleolus Inability to take weight immediately after injury Inability to take four-step in Emergency/ OPD Bony tenderness at posterior edge […]
Read MoreDevelopment defect of the proximal femur recognizable at birth in which the femur is shorter than normal and there is the apparent discontinuity between the femoral neck and shaft PFFD: Unstable hip joint, Shortening Etiology Theories: Sclerotome subtraction theory (Injury to neural creast cells) Boden theory (defect in proliferation and maturation of chondrocytes in proximal […]
Read MoreIn-toeing gait is usually attributed to metatarsal adductus (in infants), internal tibial torsion (in toddlers), and femoral ante version (in children <10 years) The child walks with foot will turn inwards instead of pointing straight ahead Etiology: Excessive femoral anteversion Internal tibial torsion Metatarsal adductus Excessive femoral anteversion: The angle between the neck of the […]
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Femoral Neck Stress Fracture is classified according to Fullerton (1988) as Fullerton and Snowdy (1988) Type Fracture Type Incomplete (< 50% femoral neck width) (Management) Complete (> 50% femoral neck width) (Management) Type I Tension Surgical fixation: DHS Surgical fixation: DHS Type II Compression Conservative (Unless significant pain or unable SLR) Surgical fixation (Cannulated Hip […]
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Nanotechnology is defined as the “Production and manipulation of material on a scale of < 100 nm and integration of this nanomaterial in a microscopic and macroscopic system“. Nanoparticles differ from large particles in applying the classical law of physics Composed of grain size much much smaller than conventional particle but have some basic atomic […]
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Nerve supply of the bladder is explained in the figure below with differences between the autonomic and autonomous bladder. Autonomic Bladder Autonomous Bladder Damage above sacral plexus (Suprasacral) Damage to sacral plexus UMN Type (Spastic) LMN Type (Atonic) Reflex emptying of the bladder Reflex activity lost Small capacity -> Hypertonic bladder empty suddenly Overflow incontinence […]
Read MoreBone bank is used for the storage of bone that needs a large amount of bone following bone loss or following different surgeries. Uses of bone bank Convenient to the surgeon Decrease operative time for the patient Decrease blood loss Decrease operative trauma Decrease donor site morbidity Indications Patients who need large amounts of bone […]
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A functional cast is a type of bracing where the limb is allowed to do functions with a brace kept in . It helps in continuing function while a fracture is uniting encourages osteogenesis promotes the healing of tissue and prevents the development of joint stiffness (accelerate rehabilitation) This is not a method of fracture […]
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